THE NEUROLOGY

Introduction Inflammatory myopathies are a group of rare diseases that cause muscle inflammation and weakness. They are autoimmune diseases. Common types include polymyositis, dermatomyositis and Inclusion body myositis. What are the features of Inflammatory Myopathies? Polymyositis is a rare disease Ocular and facial muscle weakness present in polymyositis Dermatomyositis occurs in children and adults Inclusion body myositis (IBM) present in 30-to-40 year of age Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) level may be normal Bohan & Peter Diagnostic Criteria For Dermatomyositis / Polymyositis Symmetric proximal muscle weakness Elevated muscle enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels A myopathic pattern on electromyogram (EMG) Evidence of an endomysial, mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate on muscle biopsy Characteristic skin rash of dermatomyositis (Heliotrope rash or Gottron’s papules) For Definite Polymyositis: All first four criteria must be present For Definite Dermatomyositis: Charac

✍️ Neurology: Self-Assessment || Stroke || Part 02 || Dear Neurology Aspirants! Please! Watch the video for Self-Assessment. The assessment video contains 30 questions from the Chapter: Stroke. The video used objective questions from “The Neurology: Self-Assessment & Review" by Dr. Sunil Kumar. Hope! This will help you to manage your time in the examination hall. Best of Luck!

✍️ Introduction: When you try to kiss someone, do you know which brain part decides the speed, distance and force of lip movement during a kiss? The best kiss is nothing but a fine coordinated movement of orbicularis oris muscle. Now you are thinking, who controls the coordinated movement of the lip? It is cerebellum! ✍️ Question: Who said - “rate, range, and force of movement is governed by the cerebellum. Sir Joseph Babinski Gillman & Gillman Gordon Holmes Sir Charcot ✍️ Explanation: The cerebellum monitors the rate, range, and force of the movement. The cerebellar diseases do not cause motor weakness but it produces unilateral in-coordination. According to Gordon Holmes, cerebellum controls the “rate, range, and force” of movement. ✍️ Answer(s): 3. Gordon Holmes ✍️ Reference: Holmes, Gordon. “The Croonian Lectures on the Clinical Symptoms of Cerebellar Disease and Their Interpretation. Lecture II. 1922.” Cerebellum (London, England), vol. 6, no. 2, 2007, pp. 148–53; discussion

Multiple Choice Questions in Neurology: What is the value of normal resting nerve action potential? -30 mv -40 mv -50 mv -70 mv Resting Nerve Membrane Potentials At the resting state of the neurons: More sodium ions are outside More potassium ions are inside The inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside In the resting state, the outside of the nerve cell (extracellular) has zero potential so the resting membrane potential is equal to the voltage inside the cell (intracellular). The normal resting membrane potential of a neuron is -70 mV. Remember, the negative (-) means the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside. The resting nerve membrane potential is because of potassium (K) ions. Reference(s): Hodgkin, A. L., and A. F. Huxley. “Resting and Action Potentials in Single Nerve Fibres.” The Journal of Physiology, vol. 104, no. 2, 1945, pp. 176–95, doi:https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1945.sp004114. [Answer is 4. -70 mv] Multiple Choice Questions in Neurol

Multiple Choice Questions in Neurology: Characteristic feature(s) of Gerstmann's syndrome: Alexia Acalculia Anomia Right and left confusion Finger anomia Dyscalculia Alexia Difficulty in reading or understanding the written words Acalculia / Dyscalculia Acquired disorder of calculation abilities Inability to perform known arithmetic functions Anomia Difficulty in word finding Impairment of retrieving known words Intact comprehension Intact word repetition Agnosia Inability to retrieve known sensory information Auditory agnosia: inability to recognize or differentiate between sounds Visual agnosia: inability to recognize objects Finger agnosia: inability to name, distinguish or recognize the own or others fingers Prosopagnosia Facial agnosia Inability to recognize known or familiar faces Simultanagnosia Disorder of visual attention Ability to visualize a single object of a whole scene Unable to visualize more than a single object at a time Unable to visualize the overall meaning of

Multiple Choice Questions in Neurology: Anterior communicating artery (ACom) originates from which part of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA)? A3 - segment A1 - segment A2 - segment A4 - segment Anterior Cerebral Artery   Anterior Communicating Artery (ACom) It is about 4 mm in length. The anterior communicating artery is an anastomosis between the left & right anterior cerebral artery circulation. It originates from the anterior cerebral artery - A1 segment. Applied Anatomy Anterior communicating artery (ACom) is the most common site for intracranial aneurysm. Anterior communicating artery (ACom) aneurysm may cause bitemporal heteronymous hemianopia. Anterior Cerebral Artery Anterior cerebral artery arises from the internal carotid artery. It is divided into five segments. A1: Pre-communicating segment Medial lenticulostriate arteries Anterior communicating artery A2: Post-communicating segment Recurrent artery of Heubner Orbitofrontal artery Frontopolar artery A3: Pre-callosal se

Multiple Choice Questions in Neurology: What are the triads of Tuberous sclerosis? Seizure Focal cortical atrophy Mental retardation Adenoma sebaceum Port wine nevus Tuberous Sclerosis Tuberous sclerosis is also known as Bourneville disease Inheritance Autosomal dominant inheritance Tuberous sclerosis 1 (TSC1): HAMARTIN (chromosome 9q32-34) Tuberous sclerosis 2 (TSC2): TUBERIN (chromosome 16p13.3): Most common Clinical Features Childhood onset Multiple Ectodermal Benign Tumours Skin: sebaceous glands Eyes: retina Nervous system: brain, spinal cord Mental retardation, learning difficulty, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are common. Multiple hamartomas Brain histopathology shows disorganized cortical lamination with indistinct gray and white matter junction. Cardiac rhabdomyomas are multiple hamartomas that usually regress over time. Cardiac rhabdomyoma (benign tumors) may present in 50% of patients. The incidence in the newborn may be as high as 90% and in adults as low